Health Studies Other Research

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    The impact of 48 h high carbohydrate diets with high and low FODMAP content on gastrointestinal status and symptoms in response to endurance exercise, and subsequent endurance performance.
    (Canadian Science Publishing, 2024-06-01) Scrivin, Rachel; Slater, Gary; Mika, Alice; Rauch, Christopher; Young, Pascale; Martinez, Isabel; Costa, Ricardo J S
    This study investigated the effects of a high carbohydrate diet, with varied fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharide and polyol (FODMAP) content, before endurance exercise on gastrointestinal integrity, motility, and symptoms; and subsequent exercise performance. Twelve endurance athletes were provided with a 48 h high carbohydrate (mean ± SD: 12.1 ± 1.8 g kg day−1) diet on two separate occasions, composed of high (54.8 ± 10.5 g day−1) and low FODMAP (3.0 ± 0.2 g day−1) content. Thereafter, participants completed a 2 h steady-state running exercise at 60% of VO˙ 2 max (22.9 ± 1.2 ◦C, 46.4 ± 7.9% RH), followed by a 1 h distance performance test. Pre-exercise and every 20 min during steady-state exercise, 100 mL maltodextrin (10% w/v) solution was consumed. A 150 mL lactulose (20 g) solution was consumed 30 min into the distance performance test to determine orocecal transit time (OCTT) during exercise. Blood was collected pre- and post exercise to determine gastrointestinal integrity biomarkers (i.e., I-FABP, sCD14, and CRP). Breath hydrogen (H2) and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) were determined pre-exercise, every 15 min, during and throughout recovery. No differences in gastrointestinal integrity biomarkers, OCTT, or distance completed were observed between trials. Pre-exercise total-GIS (1.3 ± 2.9 vs. 4.3 ± 4.4), gut discomfort (9.9 ± 8.1 vs. 15.8 ± 9.0), and upper-GIS (2.8 ± 2.6 vs. 5.7 ± 4.8) during exercise were less severe on high carbohydrate low FODMAP (HCLFOD) versus high carbohydrate high FODMAP (HC-HFOD) (p < 0.05). Gut discomfort (3.4 ± 4.4 vs. 0.2 ± 0.6) and total-GIS (4.9 ± 6.8 vs. 0.2 ± 0.6) were higher during recovery on HC-LFOD versus HC-HFOD (p < 0.05). The FODMAP content of a 48 h high carbohydrate diet does not impact gastrointestinal integrity or motility in response to endurance exercise. However, a high FODMAP content exacerbates GIS before and during exercise, but this does not impact performance outcomes.
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    The training and tapering practices of highland games heavy event athletes.
    (Wolters Kluwer Health, 2024-03-01) Winwood, , Paul W; Keogh, Justin W.L; Grieve, Ian; Pritchard, Hayden J
    This study provides the first empirical evidence of how Highland Games heavy event athletes train and taper for Highland Games competitions. Athletes (n = 169) (mean ± SD: age 40.8 ± 10.7 years, height 181.2 ± 9.5 cm, weight 107.2 ± 23.0 kg, 18.8 ± 10.3 years of general resistance training, and 8.1 ± 6.9 years of competitive Highland Games experience) completed a self-reported 4-page online survey on training and tapering practices. Analysis by sex (male and female) and competitive standard (local or regional, national, and international) was conducted. Seventy-eight percent (n = 132) of athletes reported that they used a taper. Athletes stated that their taper length was 5.2 ± 3.5 days, with the step (36%) and linear tapers (33%) being the most performed. Athletes reported that their highest training volume and intensity were 5.5 and 3.8 weeks out (respectively) from competition, and all training ceased 2.4 ± 1.4 days before competition. Training volume decreased during the taper by 34%. Athletes typically stated that, tapering was performed to achieve recovery, peak performance, and injury prevention; training intensity, frequency, and duration stayed the same or decreased; game-specific training increased with reductions in traditional exercises; the caber toss, weight for height, and heavy weight throw were performed further out from competition than other events; muscular power and strength were the most common types of training performed; static stretching, foam rolling, and massage were strategies used in the taper; and poor tapering occurred because of life/work circumstances, lack of sleep/rest, or training too heavy/hard. These results may aid Highland Games athletes to optimize training and tapering variables leading to improved performances.
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    The development of a resting metabolic rate prediction equation for professional male rugby union players.
    (MDPI, 2024-01-16) Posthumus, L; Driller , M; Winwood, P; Gill, N
    Determining resting metabolic rate (RMR) is an important aspect when calculating energy requirements for professional rugby union players. Prediction equations are often used for convenience to estimate RMR. However, the accuracy of current prediction equations for professional rugby union players remains unclear. The aims of this study were to examine the RMR of professional male rugby union players compared to nine commonly used prediction equations and develop and validate RMR prediction equations specific to professional male rugby union players. One hundred and eight players (body mass (BM) = 102.9 ± 13.3 kg; fat-free mass (FFM) = 84.8 ± 10.2 kg) undertook Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry scans to assess body composition and indirect calorimetry to determine RMR. Mean RMR values of 2585 ± 176 kcal∙day−1 were observed among the group with forwards (2706 ± 94 kcal·day−1), demonstrating significantly (p < 0.01; d = 1.93) higher RMR compared to backs (2465 ± 156 kcal·day−1), which appeared to be due to their higher BM and FFM measures. Compared to the measured RMR for the group, seven of the nine commonly used prediction equations significantly (p < 0.05) under-estimated RMR (−104–346 kcal·day−1), and one equation significantly (p < 0.01) over-estimated RMR (192 kcal·day−1). This led to the development of a new prediction equation using stepwise linear regression, which determined that the strongest predictor of RMR for this group was FFM alone (R2 = 0.70; SEE = 96.65), followed by BM alone (R2 = 0.65; SEE = 104.97). Measuring RMR within a group of professional male rugby union players is important, as current prediction equations may under- or over-estimate RMR. If direct measures of RMR cannot be obtained, we propose the newly developed prediction equations be used to estimate RMR within professional male rugby union players. Otherwise, developing team- and/or group-specific prediction equations is encouraged.
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    The impact of a 48-hour high-carbohydrate diet with high or low FODMAP content, before endurance exercise on gastrointestinal motility and symptoms, and exercise performance
    (2023) Scrivin, Rachel; Costa, Ricardo J. S.; Slater, Gary; Mika, Alice; Rauch, Christopher; Young, Pascale
    OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of a 48-hour, high carbohydrate, high-fermentable oligosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide, and polyol (FODMAP) (HCHF) or high-carbohydrate low-FODMAP (HCLF) diet on gastrointestinal motility and symptoms in response to endurance exercise, and subsequent exercise performance. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. SUBJECTS: Twelve (n 5 10 male and n 5 2 female) recreationally competitive endurance runners [mean (SD): age 42 (5) years, height 1.74 (0.08) m, body mass 72.1 (13.7) kg, fat mass 20 (8)%, and V̇ O2max 53.2 (8.6) mL/kg/min] with preexisting, recurrent, exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) volunteered to participate. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to a 48-hour high-carbohydrate (10-12 g/kg/d) high-FODMAP (50-60 g/d) (HCHF) and a high-carbohydrate low-FODMAP (2-3 g/d) (LCLF) intervention, with a 7-day washout between the trials. After the dietary intervention, participants completed 2-hour steady-state running at 60% V̇ O2max, followed by a 1-hour distance test, in temperate ambient conditions (23°C, 49% RH). Maltodextrin (10 g at 10% wt/ vol) was provided every 20 minutes during steady state, plus water provided ad libitum during the entire 3 hours. A 150- mL solution containing 20 g of lactulose was provided 30 minutes into the distance test to determine orocecal transit time (OCTT). OUTCOME MEASURES: Preexercise and postexercise breath samples breath hydrogen (H2) were collected, and Ex-GIS and rectal temperature (Tre), were measured. Every 15 minutes during steady-state exercise, HR, RPE, and Ex-GIS were recorded. During the distance test, the distance completed was recorded every 5 minutes, plus HR and RPE every 15 minutes. Breath samples were collected every 15 minutes during the 3-hour recovery. Breath samples were analyzed for hydrogen (H2) to determine OCTT. RESULTS: OCTT did not significantly differ between HCHF 83 (58) minutes and HCLF 95 (55) minutes (P 5 0.59). Greater total-GIS were reported preexercise (P 5 0.04) and during (p 5 0.02) steady state on HCHF; however, greater total-GIS were reported at the 1-hour to 2-hour recovery period on HCLF (P 5 0.04). There was no difference in measured HR, RPE, or Tre between the trials. Distance completed was 9.9 (1.7) km and 10.0 (1.6) km on HCHF and HCLF (P 5 0.33), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: A 48-hour HCHF diet before endurance running leads to greater GIS before and during exercise; however, this does not impact exercise strain, gastrointestinal motility, or exercise performance. Greater GIS in the 1-hour to 2-hour recovery period with the HCLF trial requires further investigation.
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    Impact of 48-hr carbohydrate loading with varied FODMAPs on exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome (EIGS) and running performance
    (2023) Scrivin, Rachel; Slater, Gary; Mika, Alice; Rauch, Christopher; Young, Pascale; Martinez, Isabel; Costa, Ricardo J. S.
    BACKGROUND: Dietary fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) are known to exacerbate exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) and impact exercise performance outcomes. AIM: The study aimed to investigate the effects of a high-carbohydrate diet, with varying FODMAP content, before endurance exercise, on gastrointestinal integrity, motility and symptoms, and subsequent exercise performance. METHODS: Twelve recreationally competitive endurance athletes consumed two randomly allocated high-carbohydrate (mean ± SD; 12.1 ± 1.8 g/kg/day) diets on separate occasions, with either high (54.8 ± 10.5 g/day) or low FODMAP (3.0 ± 0.2 g/day) content, with a 7-day washout between. Athletes then completed 2 h of steady state running at 60% V̇ O2max, followed by a 1-h distance test (22.9 ± 1.2 C, 46.4 ± 7.9% RH). Heart rate and RPE were determined pre-exercise and every 15-min during exercise, while Tre was recorded pre- and post-exercise. A 10 g maltodextrin solution (10% w/v) was consumed pre exercise and every 20 min during steady-state exercise. A 150 mL solution containing 20 g of lactulose was consumed 30 min into the distance performance test to determine orocecal transit time (OCTT). Blood was collected pre-exercise, 0-, 1- and 2-h post-exercise to determine plasma concentrations of cortisol, I-FABP, sCD14 and CRP. Breath H2 and GIS were determined preexercise, every 15 min during exercise, and throughout recovery. RESULTS: A main effect over time (MEOTime) for heart rate, RPE and plasma cortisol (p < 0.01) was observed, with no trial differences between HCHF and HCLF. Tre pre- to post-exercise increased significantly for each trial (p < 0.001); however, no trial differences were found. The magnitude of change pre- to peak post-exercise for I-FABP (overall mean ± SD: 894 ± 763 pg/mL), sCD14 (809 ± 612 ng/mL) and CRP (0.9 ± 0.9 ng/mL) was not different between trials. OCTT did not differ between trials (89 ± 56 min), as did the total distance completed during the 1-h distance performance test (10 ± 1.6 km). Greater total-GIS severity was reported pre-exercise (4.3 ± 4.4, p = 0.042), while gut discomfort (15.8 ± 9.0, p = 0.034) and upper-GIS (5.7 ± 4.8, p = 0.042) were higher during exercise on HCHF. Total-GIS (4.9 ± 6.8, p = 0.043) and gut discomfort (3.4 ± 4.4, p = 0.042) were higher during the 2-h recovery period in HCLF. CONCLUSIONS: A 48-h HCLF diet before endurance running leads to less Ex-GIS before and during exercise, but this does not impact physiological strain, gastrointestinal integrity or motility, or exercise performance.